This male-mediated indicine introgression into local taurine herds generated African indicine populations with a variable taurine/indicine genomic composition that are better adapted to dry climates. A major taurine-indicine admixture event was dated to approximately 750–1,050 years (approximately 150 generations) ago (Kim et al. At the end of the nineteenth century, cattle of the original taurine ancestry were largely replaced by indicine cattle, which were less vulnerable to devastating rinderpest epidemics (Felius et al. The importation of male indicine cattle to Africa was initiated as early as 4,000 years ago and intensified at AD 700 (Ajmone-Marsan et al. 2014) and probably influenced by local aurochs, which likely contributed to the ancestry of modern African taurine cattle (Pitt et al. Taurine cattle were introduced from the Middle East into Africa 6,800 years ago (Felius et al. Environmental conditions of heat or cold, high altitudes or lowlands, and arid zones or humid tropical environments have contributed to the many adaptations of cattle and pronounced genomic diversity among breeds/populations (Fig. Over the past 10,000 years, cattle domestication has been followed by several major migrations, leading to their presence on all inhabited continents (Felius et al. Moreover, they are generally more resistant to ticks and intestinal parasites than taurine cattle (Utsunomiya et al. Indicine cattle have a lower basal metabolic rate, water, and nutrient requirements. Indicine cattle differ from taurine cattle in various ways: they exhibit a muscular fatty hump of variable size on their shoulders, a larger dewlap, drooping ears, and a tolerance of semiarid and tropical environments. Indicine cattle are found in southern Asia, Africa, northern Australia, the southern US, and Latin America (Utsunomiya et al. Taurine cattle are largely confined to temperate and cold climates and are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere some breeds are distributed in tropical Africa and America. 2019).Īt present, approximately 1.5 billion cattle are kept on all inhabited continents, in a variety of climatic zones under diversified conditions ( Domestic cattle are divided into humpless taurine cattle ( Bos taurus taurus) and humped indicine/zebu cattle ( Bos taurus indicus), local populations of which have undergone continuous admixture with other bovine species (Chen et al. Modern cattle were estimated have been domesticated ~ 10,000 years before present (BP) in Southwest Asia and ~ 8,000 years BP in South Asia (Larson et al. 2010), which were widely distributed in Europe, Asia and northern Africa during the Holocene and went extinct in 1624 (Felius et al. Domestic cattle are descended from the aurochs ( Bos primigenius) (Ajmone-Marsan et al.
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